The Relationship Between Economic Inequality and Religion - 11000 Words

The Relationship Between Economic Inequality and Religion (Research Paper Sample) Content: Literature review for the relationship between economic inequality and religion[Name][Course][Tutor][Date]IntroductionAn essential determinant of social and economic inequality is religion. However, the frameworks that underlie this sentimental relationship aren't surely known. From the get-go, researchers recognized this association. However their thoughts don't portray cutting edge stratification designs enough. Late research records vigorous observational connections amongst religion and material results, however, hasn't yet started to perceive components behind these examples. We finish this crevice by giving a hypothetical depiction of the religion-imbalance hyperlink that incorporates thoughts from at an early stage and late humanism. We highlight thoughts in the status accomplishment hypothesis to make a miniaturized scale model and thoughts from social equalization hypothesis to total the model's results. The arrangement of thoughts from these hypothetical tra ditions offers a remarkable, and likely valuable approach to appreciating the organization of ethical materials and introduction assets.Religion assumes a focal part in making and keeping up social and efficient imbalance, yet the frameworks driving this sentiment aren't surely known. According to Weber (2002), ethnic Protestant and the Capitalism Nature gives the most well-known at an opportune time contention for an association between religious convictions and income inequality, however, the thoughts that he and other at an early stage scholars recommended have gathered huge evaluate. In the focal point proposal of Weber, the adjustments conflict in the religious introduction of Europeans using the Protestantism impact and Calvinism brought about central changes in the money related framework. Researchers have tested Weber's proposal on a few grounds. Money related students of history have contended that in numerous components of Europe, the changeover to free enterprise went bef ore the presentation of improved Protestantism (Samuelsson 1964). In this manner, it is correspondingly conceivable that the presentation of new assortments of money related conduct created changes in profound convictions that the efficient and the religious change are associated and hard to unravel frequently. Coleman (1990) scrutinizes Weber for placing a hypothesis that cases singular convictions clearly total into societal-level qualities. An exceptionally basic procedure does not consider how stratification develops, and precisely how singular level qualities total into various social introductions relying upon one's common position.[Weber, Max.The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism: and other writings. Penguin, 2002.] [Samuelsson, Kurt.Religion and economic action: A critique of Max Weber. Harper Row, 1964.] [Brega, Angela G., and Lerita M. Coleman. "Effects of religiosity and racial socialization on subjective stigmatization in African-American adolescents. Journa l of Adolescence22, no. 2 (1999): 223-242.] If we neglect these inside issues even, the religious surroundings and the operations that consider stratification have adjusted fundamentally since Weber and his counterparts built up their thoughts. Taking a gander at propensities in the United States, these thoughts can't take into account the drop Protestant groups of purported mainline, the expansion of preservationist groups of Protestant, the effect of migration on the structure of the Catholic Chapel, and the expanded event of other profound customs. It has moreover turned out to be increasingly clear that the organization amongst stratification and religious convictions is not by any stretch of the imagination a capacity of substantial scale shifts in the setting of advancement. However it indicates changing particular and gathering strategies to individual capital, on the other hand, work, and enterprise, keeping and contributing.Religion impacts social stratification most activi ties depict in the attempt to confine either particular or gathering advantages. Early scholars attempted to full disconnect scale level results by tending to how national examples of religious connection harmed national examples of prudent association (Weber 2002). Just a limited number of occurrences can be found at the large scale level, making contrast troublesome. Likewise, it is hard to gather information at the full-scale level. In this manner, for the most part, at opportune time scholars depended on talking about how singular behaviors lead to total propensities (Coleman 1990). More current examination focuses all the more barely on miniaturized scale level advantages (e.g., particular wage, family flourishing) in light of the fact that these strategies are pivotal to comprehension cutting edge stratification forms. Albeit advanced clarifications offer thoughtfulness regarding small scale level clarifications of smaller scale level advantages. Its entirely regular to conjur e full-scale level triggers like zone, generational results or even to pull in decisions about large-scale level issues (e.g., bunch dissimilarities in wage, work, flourishing) from miniaturized scale level information without deliberately determining the way the levels interface (Coleman 1990). Inside the position accomplishment model, years as a kid religion recognizes alliance, thought, rehearse assembly qualities, and the more extensive profound environment. The connection is the otherworldly category or custom with which a man is related. In America, the powerful proof shows individuals from religious bunches act comparatively in important ways (Burstein 2007). A developed record of examination exhibits connection with Protestant, customary Protestant, Roman Catholic and the Jewish, or other otherworldly gatherings impacts prosperity. The expansion of Protestant divisions in late vacillations and years in the sizes of a few sections and practices demonstrates that it is current ly dynamically vital likewise to consider a correct data about otherworldly alliance (Smith and Faris 2005). Combined with different attributes, youngster years religious convictions produce people capital and worth or introductions. Human capital can be a middle person result that works as both a short result and an informative component in foreseeing consequent results. Genuine human capital incorporates attributes of formal instruction (e.g., fulfillment, private versus individuals, timing), abilities, preparing, work encounter, and related components. Person capital additionally gets the possibility of budgetary proficiency (i.e., got information identified with planning, keeping, and exchanging) that is exceptionally vital in comprehension chopping down conduct and success testimony. Introductions, or worth, are controlling key focuses or goals that impact the value related to specific exercises or results (Joas 2000).[Weber, Max.The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalis m: and other writings. Penguin, 2002.] [Brega, Angela G., and Lerita M. Coleman. "Effects of religiosity and racial socialization on subjective stigmatization in African-American adolescents. Journal of Adolescence22, no. 2 (1999): 223-242.] [Burstein, Paul. "Jewish educational and economic success in the United States: A search for explanations."Sociological Perspectives50, no. 2 (2007): 209-228.] [Smith, Christian, and Robert Faris. "Socioeconomic inequality in the American religious system: An update and assessment."Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion44, no. 1 (2005): 95-104.] [Joas, Hans. "The Gift of Life the Sociology of Religion in Talcott Parsons' Late Work."Journal of Classical Sociology1, no. 1 (2001): 127-141.] They are truly pointed toward specific practices or communicates and take after from religious convictions, which truly is an essential situating way or belief system (Hitlin 2003). Thoughts of worth and introduction dropped out of support in human science , incorporating into the social science of religious convictions, tailing some sketchy employments of the conditions decades prior. Nonetheless, the conditions are getting a significantly more useful gathering in momentum investigate that has demonstrated that qualities are urgent to comprehension, among different systems, how religion impacts results and practices (Sherkat 2000). For example, there exists to confirm that religion connected with introductions toward sex parts in the house and at work, training and instructive achievement (Glass and Jacobs 2005), relationship and fruitfulness and guardian youngster connections (Bartkowski 2003). Profound qualities sway introductions toward work and cash moreover. That's convictions express inclinations on attractive occupations, adequate work conduct, work-family adjust issues, conciliatory giving. Also, how cash impacts prospects for existence in the wake of death, and the allure of sparing from current income(Crowe 2008, Keister 20 07), religion sways materials last results through a few projects.[Hitlin, Steven, and Stephen Vaisey. "The new sociology of morality. Sociology39, no. 1 (2013): 51.] [Sherkat, Darren E. "" That They Be Keepers of the Home": The Effect of Conservative Religion on Early and Late Transitions into Housewifery. Review of Religious Research(2000): 344-358.] [Bartkowski, John P., and Helen A. Regis.Charitable choices: Religion, race, and poverty in the post-welfare era. NYU Press, 2003.] [Glass, Jennifer, and Jerry Jacobs. "Childhood religious conservatism and adult attainment among black and white women."Social Forces84, no. 1 (2005): 555-579.] The ethical understandings that go with otherworldly convictions can impact prosperity through demographic leads that assistance or hinder people capital obtaining, a superior employment and other work a...

Role of Gluthathione Pathway in Discovering Anticancer...

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Early American Children s Literature - 1490 Words

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Cultural Dimensions of Alizee Airlines †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cultural Dimensions of Alizee Airlines. Answer: Introduction The Global Leadership and Organisational Behaviour Effectiveness (GLOBE) study on cultural dimensions is one of the most important analysis for companies which are considering entering foreign markets that are markedly different form theirs in terms of culture. The research program was brought about by Robert J. House of Wharton in 1991 and by 2004 to 2007 a comprehensive volume based on 951 companies and middle managers was published on the same.The first step to gauge effectiveness in an organisation and further to leaders GLOBE came up with nine cultural dimensions that make it possible to comprehend the similarities and differences in norms, values, beliefs, and practices among societies. They came up with the findings based by Hofstede (1980), Schwartz (1994), Smith (1995), Inglehart (1994) among others. They include; power distance which clearly illustrates the level which power is distributed to a collective individual equally. Future focus refers to the level of intensity of how people in a group will procrastinate their immediate gratification by planning and investing in the future. Performance orientation is how a collective is rewarded for excellent performance and improvements by group members. Human orientation illustrates how individuals are rewarded and encouraged by a collective for being altruistic, generous, and caring to others. Uncertainty Avoidance is the degree which a society enterprise or group will depend on a social standards, rules and procedure to reduce unpredictability of the future events. Collectivism I (Institutional) this is how institutions practice reward and encourage collective distribution of resources. Collectivism II (in-group) The level which individuals will take pride in their accomplishments, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organisations. The eighth dimension is Assertiveness will definitely relate to relationships among individuals and their level of aggressiveness, confrontational and assertive dynamics they di splay in the organisation. Lastly, Gender fairness/egalitarianism which is the degree which minimizes gender inequality. Alizee Airlines looks to enter the Brazilian and Malaysian markets, as well as the USA. These three countries are radically different in many ways. For instance, they all have different perspectives towards collectivism, competition, and religion. At the same time, they have different levels of political organization and perception of good governance, and the degree to which the system is fair to all its citizens. The countries are also differentiated by their levels of economic development (Moura, 2013). In this paper, the importance, advantages and disadvantages of these cultural attributes to prospective business endeavours will be discussed, so that Alizee can make the right strategic adjustments to ensure that it succeeds in each of the markets listed above (Hofstede, 2011). Cultural similarities and differences between Brazil, Malaysia and USA Power distance Brazil has a higher power distance index than the USA, which has an index of 40. However, Malaysia has an index of 100. Power distance refers to the extent to which people in a country believe that hierarchy should be respected, and that unequal power distribution among citizens is acceptable. While all three countries have a remarkably higher power distance index, it is higher in Malaysia in part due to its religious and cultural views. According to Hofstedes research, Muslim majority countries are more likely to have a higher power distance than others, due to Quranic decrees for people to obey authority. The country is also a monarchy, albeit constitutional but one which still holds a lot of sway over the countrys political and social dynamics (Moura, 2013). Brazil was until recently under a military dictatorship, which was responsible for the unequal power distribution that persists to this day. The country is also regarded as one of the major economic powers in the Americas. The rapid economic growth has led to a wider gap between the rich and the poor, thereby enhancing the power distance index (Nobles, 2013). For the United States, there is more belief that power is evenly distributed. However, its legacy of institutionalised racism still has residual effects, which mean that the country has among the highest PDIs in the Western developed world (Peter, 2011). Collectivism I Collectivism II Brazil and Malaysia have relatively lower levels of individualism at 38 and 26 respectively, in comparison to the United States, at 91. The Level of individualism is referred to as the level of interdependence which a society has between its members. The opposite of individualism is collectivism. The United States is a thoroughly capitalistic country, in which the people expect justice and liberty for all. Hierarchy is a matter of convenience, rather than an established cultural norm. For Brazil however, people have a strong affinity to groups, and strongly identify with them. They are supposed to take care of each other. This is the same case in Malaysia (Shi Wang, 2011). In Malaysia, as is the case with Brazil, individuals at the work place place a strong importance on their relationships with fellow employees. This is different in the US, where the individuals are keener on their jobs, rather than on how well they relate with each other. They are also unlikely to refer to each other by their last names, as a means of finding out more about the social ties of each other (Shi Wang, 2011). Perfomance Orientation In the three countries, the index for masculinity is high, with the scores for Brazil, the US and Malaysia being 49, 62 and 50 respectively. Masculinity refers to the acceptability of competition in society. In all three countries, being a winner is an important part of measuring success. This measure is ingrained throughout the school system. It is worth nothing that as the three countries has capitalistic forms of government; their countries have a high level of competitiveness (Hofstede, 2011). The quality of life is also important. However, people are not necessarily seen as successful in society due to their ability to care for their fellow countrymen. They are seen as successful by being the richest the most popular, the most intelligent, among other measures. Uncertainty Avoidance Brazil has the highest levels of uncertainty avoidance, with an index of 76. It is followed by the US which has 46, with Malaysia having 36 as the uncertainty avoidance index. Uncertainty avoidance refers to the way in which a society tries to work with the fact that the future is not known. Sometimes, countries may try to control the future (Nobles, 2013). In other instances, the countries may just be prepared for whatever happens. Brazilians try to control the way the future will unfold. They therefore have highly bureaucratic society, in which the observance of laws is very high. Though uncertainty avoidance is low in the United States, the society is preoccupied with mitigating uncertainty caused by terrorism and immigration, thereby coming up with stricter laws to help control these uncertainties (Shi Wang, 2011). Malaysia is alike other South Asian countries, which have a low uncertainty avoidance index. It does not have the same aspirations to control the future and uncertainty as the US and Brazil would want to. This is well represented in the actions of its people, whereby Brazilians are the most expressive, and Malaysians being the last (Moura, 2013). Future Focus Future Focus is below average in all three countries. It is lowest in the United States at 26, followed at 41 by Malaysia, and Brazil at 44. This index refers to the extent to which a society maintains links with its past while dealing with present and future challenges and gratification. In Brazil there is a higher emphasis on the past as a means of changing the present and future. At the same time, people in the country are suspicious about change, though not to the extent seen on countries which have an above average index (Peter, 2011). All three countries are in a perpetual process of change. While they have strong traditions, they have successfully formed modern societies. They have also been able to draw on their pasts to build strong modern countries in, and are likely to continue doing so in future. Assertiveness, Human Orientation and Gender Equality All the three countries are similar with regard to these dimensions. They both have strong degrees of which they encourage and reward their individuals with regard to their kindness, fairness and generosity to others in the society. Assertiveness is more in the United States as compared to Brazil and Malaysia. Individuals in the US are likely to be aggressive and dynamic in their relations to others at work place as well as in the society and this is further affected by religion and culture. Malaysia and United States are stronger with gender equality as opposed to Brazil. Cultural analysis The cultural similarities and differences highlighted in the discussion above suggest that different approaches must be taken to ensure the company succeeds in attracting customers by way of enhancing their experiences. The first among these is the power distance index. In the US and Brazil, it will be of critical importance for the company to provide as much information and a high quality customer service to its customers. The individuals will be looking for a well defined offering, since they may not be deferential to the company and ignore quality in determining whether to sign up for it (Kooyers, 2015). In terms of future focus, the US will call for a different approach to Brazil and Malaysia. In the US, the customers will focus more on what the company can do for them, in terms of the services offered. For the Malaysians and Brazilians however, the people serving in the company are as important. They will require the companies to have a local touch, meaning that they may need to have employees who are well versed in local cultures so that they can help the customers identify more closely with it. Information in the websites should be geared towards providing as much information as possible, since they are less likely than Americans to ask for this information directly (Kooyers, 2015). All three countries are masculine, meaning that in terms of what Alizee Airlines doe to them in terms of product offering must be of a higher level than competitors. This will be more in line with the above aspects of individualism and PDI. Masculinity for the three countries mans that the company needs to pride itself as the best in what it does, rather than appealing to customers through its concern for social responsibility, environmental conservation and other noble causes, which do not depict masculinity (Nobles, 2013). Uncertainty avoidance should be a concern for all three countries in the report. For instance, the Brazilians will prefer a website which has well detailed information that makes allowances for failure, and what to do in such instances. It should also have a well documented schedule of rules that the company agrees to abide b, and what it expects from the customers. While the other two countries markets will need this as well, the emphasis should not be too much. The countries will be more concerned about the quality of service they get, since they either expect the future to be taken care of by the company, or it to be too complicated to handle (Hofstede, 2011). For all countries, there should be a distinct reference to the countries glorious pasts. These countries all have a long and proud history, that people are generally proud of, and which they see as the reason they are making their current progress. To appeal to their sense of social belonging and nationality, it may be important for Alizee airlines to carefully customise the website for this. It should be clear that the website belongs to the individual country, rather than the reproduction of the page for another country. The pride with which these countries hold their societies also means that the language choices should by English and Spanish for the US, Portuguese for Brazil and Malay for Malaysia (Hofstede, 2011). Conclusion The United States, Brazil and Malaysia all share similarities that can be used to further the business interests of Alizee Airlines. The three countries have open market economies, have a democratic system of government, and are close allies. However, they have marked cultural differences, which mean that the approach of the organization to them needs to be different. Recommendations The issues that occasion these differences are rooted in tradition religion, and past history. The military rule in Brazil, political crises in Malaysia, as well as the 9/11 attacks in the US have for instance shaped how some of these countries individuals react to some of the measures in the GLOBE research. It is therefore imperative for the organization to adopt the model and the recommendations contained herein so that it can succeed in different cultures. References Moura, E. (2013). CONTRADICTING HOFSTEDE:Are Brazilian and American Cultures Really Different? The Global Journal of Finance and Economics, 10(1), 75-85. Nobles, G. (2013). Culture and Ethics: A comparison Between Japan the USA. Cambridge Business and Economics Conference, vol. 2, no.3: 1-23. Peter, R. (2011). Exiting China: Procedures to Ensure the Orderly Liquidation of a Business.Houston Journal of International Law, vol. 33, no.3: 9-43. Shi, X., Wang, J. (2011). Interpreting Hofstede Model and GLOBE Model: Which Way to Go for Cross-Cultural Research? International Journal of Business and Management, 6(5), 93-99. Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context.Online readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(8):3-89 Kooyers, J. (2015). The United States and Spain: A Comparison of Cultural Values and Behaviors and Their Implications for the Multi-Cultural Workplace. Honors papers, 399. Schwartz, S. H., U. Kim et al. (1994). "Beyond Individualism/Collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values." In Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Methods, and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage,

Market segment Essay Example

Market segment Essay I will make some attractions to my business such as putting balloons outside my shop so that it will be noticed from a far distance and the balloons will have my business logo on it so people will know where it is from. In addition, balloons will attract children who are with an adult and will promote them come to my shop.  Marketing  I carried out a questionnaire, asking males and females my ten questions. My questionnaire will give me an idea of what people like the most about mobile phones and I will be able to find out the most popular features on a phone that are suitable to peoples needs. Using the information from my questionnaire and the specifications of the final business, I will evaluate the possible ways on marketing. I will be focusing on the marketing mix, the four Ps.  To obtain my marketing strategy, I need to mix the four Ps in the right proportion to achieve the best marketing mix. It is no good getting one P right. It would be a total waste of time for a business to open up a business, which no one has heard in the world. Each of the four Ps is essential to a marketing success. They must be properly mixed so that the whole package appeals to the target market in the chosen market segment. We will write a custom essay sample on Market segment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Market segment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Market segment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The most important one is product. Without the product, there would be no price, place or promotion. The product is the basis of the whole marketing process. My business is going to be on a mobile phone shop so for me to start the business I have to make sure that I have an enough number of mobile phones to sell.  The next one is price, which involves many different types of methods. These include complementary price, penetration price, promotional price, competitive pricing and skimming price. For my business, I will have to choose one that will be suitable for my business. I will choose a price to charge, state how I came to a final price and which pricing strategies I will use. I will also link the price to the other Ps. The next one is promotion. A business draws attention to itself and its products in this way. There are three main methods, which are:  I will look at what needs to be done at the current stage of the product life cycle and what needs to be done later. I will look at my target audience, the size of the market, the size of my advertising budget and state which mediums I will choose. I will conclude for my chosen advertising mediums. I will state the public relations involved including public demonstration and the company logo. The last P is place. This deals with how a business distributes its products. There are four main channels of distributions, which link the producer, seller, consumer or buyer. For my business, I will have to choose the channel of distribution, which is most suitable for my business.  At the introductory stage of the product life cycle, a lot of advertising is required. I will focus on television, radio and newspaper advertising at first because it will create awareness to a large audience, which is essential at this stage of the product life cycle. I will focus on other types of advertising later on in the product life cycle.

F.D.R. essays

F.D.R. essays Looking back on Depression-era America and its two most prominent leaders, it is imperative that neither one be characterized solely as an extreme liberal or extreme conservative. Rather, if the actions and achievements of each leader are observed with an unbiased eye, one will see that Roosevelt was primarily a liberal with the necessary touch of conservatism, and Hoover was primarily a conservative with a slight bit of liberalism. It is important to understand that the time period both Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt presided over was one which consisted of grave economic turmoil and widespread poverty for the American people caused by a bevy of internal and external factors, some of which couldve been remedied by extraordinary leadership. It is because of the immensely difficult problems America was experiencing at the time that in hindsight such scrutiny is placed upon the motives and political philosophies held by both FDR and Herbert Hoover. To find out how and a why a leader reacts to adversity when his country needs him most may perhaps prove the worth and greatness of that leader. Proof of Herbert Hoovers status as a staunch conservative lies in the fact that he maintained a strong resolve to adhere to traditional methods of restoring the economy during the Depression. In document B, Hoover expounds on his plan and outlook for dealing with the dire economic situation. Overall, Hoover distances himself from pledging to make any drastic changes. He condemns the usage of emergency legislative or executive action as a means by which to relieve the Depressions symptoms. Often referred to as a rugged individualist, Hoover was determined to use the established practice of free enterprise and fairly uninhibited capitalism to regain prosperity in the U.S. since these methods worked well in the past. It was his unwavering belief in free enterprise that discouraged hi...

The Role of Typological Universals in SLA Essay

The Role of Typological Universals in SLA - Essay Example All humans learn their first language in the same way. Firstly through a preliminary stage of prelinguistic development and 'babbling' followed by a single word stage, and then a two-word stage. Simple sentences follow after this before the 'embedding' process is finalized through the use of complete sentences. There are a number of absolute universals that have characteristics which hold for all languages. The most powerful universals take the form of hierarchies (an ordered list). Below are examples of Color, Vowel and Animacy hierarchies: There are many ways knowledge of universal typologies can aid SLA but one important way could be termed 'The Iceberg Effect'. It can be difficult to learn a second language if you have scant knowledge of the structure and grammar of your own language. Although the L1 and L2 might be vastly different, they are still linked through the brain of the speaker. In understanding one's own language first, we then develop a framework for comparison. When we make a comparison we understand the perils of 'direct translation' from one language to another. While we see similarities in the use of certain tenses, articles, pronouns etc. we know that there are many instances when the two languages have very little in common. This helps a student to gain the 'iceberg effect', whereby one's knowledge of a subject is directly related to deeper background knowledge. Although perhaps never revealed, the hidden part of the iceberg backs up and cements SLA. The Role of Typological Universals in SLA Typological Universals have a vital role in Second Language Acquisition (SLA). Typological Universals can be defined as the 'notion that human languages necessarily share important, formative, properties'.1 However, this notion can both aid and hinder SLA, as in admitting that there are certain universals which link the native language (L1) with the second language (L2), one must also remain aware of how greatly languages can differ. Being aware of the differences means avoiding direct translation from L1 to L2. Assuming that the L2 works on the same structural principles as your native tongue will ensure you make numerous grammatical, syntactical and vocabulary errors. Research into Typological Universals 'aims to establish the limits within human language'.2 Study into this subject sees the world's languages almost as a single organism with various overlapping areas between the languages closest to them in 'roots' as well as 'universal links' with all other world languages. No mat ter how diverse, all languages are connected by common principles - these are Typological Universals. In the introduction to Typology & Second Language Acquisition, Anna Giacalone Ramat stresses how 'a basic connotation of typology is cross-linguistic comparison: implicational universals which are crucial in order to create a typology of languages of the world cannot be discovered or verified by observing only a single language'. Giacolone Ramat 2003, p.1) In 1270 Roger Bacon wrote that 'grammar is substantially one and the same in all languages, despite its accidental variations'. (Thomas 2004, p.2) While the above